2024 What do i do when my pipes freeze

Guide to Finding & Correcting Freeze-Up Risk Points in buildings. You can do a lot to correct a freezing pipe problem in a building that is exposed to cold weather. Even in an occupied building pipes can freeze in some conditions. Here are some examples of places to look for freezing trouble and what to do about them:. Where to get cheap moving boxes

Here are two clues you can look for to confirm: Frost on the pipe: Look for frost on exposed pipes. This is a sign that your pipes are definitely frozen. Bitterly cold temperatures: If you have pipes on the outside exposed to the elements, they have the potential to freeze when the temperature drops below 32 degrees.Oct 19, 2023 · Follow these safe methods to get your frozen toilet pipes flowing again: 1. Shut Off the Water Supply Valve. Locate the shut-off valve controlling water flow to the toilet and turn it off. This stops water from entering the frozen section of pipe and reduces pressure buildup as ice thaws. 2.Here's everything you need to know about putting a freeze on your credit, including how to do it, when to do it and how it impacts signing up for new cards. Editor’s note: This is ...Feb 2, 2023 · The best thing to do, however, is to turn on the faucet and find the site of the freeze. “If you have a pipe that’s frozen, what you really need to do is open up your water fixtures,” he ...Oct 10, 2020 · If your pipes have frozen in a mobile home, the best way to make sure they thaw out is to do so gently. Pour salt down your drains, turn on your faucets, look for leaks in your skirting, and turn up the heat throughout your home. If your main water line is frozen, plug in the heat tape or replace it. There are so many different ways that pipes ...May 2, 2023 · Keep a faucet or two running at a low, constant drip. This drip helps lubricate the pipes and prevents pipes from freezing when you’re on vacation. Additionally, let the heat run throughout the winter months at a low temperature of around 55 degrees Fahrenheit; most pipes will freeze at temperatures below 20 degrees after six to eight hours.2. Try to keep the pool pump running. Another great way to prevent the freezing of pool pipes is to keep the pool pump running 24/7. It maintains the right water temperature and keeps the water flowing. When the water circulates through the pipes frequently, the heat generated doesn’t allow the pipes to freeze up.Jan 14, 2023 · And you can see our experience with Air Skirts below: 4. Insulate Your RV Storage Bays. Your RV storage bays are also vulnerable to freezing temperatures. To protect the pipes in these areas, be sure to insulate them as well. This can be done with foam insulation, foam boards, fiberglass insulation, etc. 5.Jan 17, 2024 · Even though the snow may be melting, your home’s pipes might not be. Kansas City is experiencing a respite from sub-zero temperatures which froze the area during Martin Luther King Jr. Day weekend. But many renters and homeowners still do not have running water due to frozen or burst pipes — and more cold weather is on its way. Dec 15, 2019 · In the colder months, turn the water heater up by a couple of degrees to prevent freezing. 4. Run Water. Constantly flowing water is far less likely to freeze than standing water. During particularly cold weather, run a small stream of water from one of your sinks. This will help keep the water inside your pipes from freezing. 5. Keep Drains Clear1. Let The Faucets Drip. ‍. The most common advice to keep pipes from freezing is to let the faucets drip during cold weather. This is not only because it takes longer for running water to freeze, but also because it relieves pressure in the …Most outdoor pipes freeze at around -20 degrees Celsius in Canada, and indoor piping can freeze at much higher temperatures. For example, hot water pipes can freeze at about 0 degrees Celsius if the heat is not on. Even pipes exposed to heat can freeze when water does not flow through them properly. Your pipes are …If you have a pipe freeze and then burst, you need to take immediate action. Step #1 – Start by turning off the main water supply to the home, and if it is necessary, also turn off the power to the area of the home that is affected. Step #2 – Call a professional plumber to come out and take a look at the problem.Sometimes pipes freezing and thawing can cause them to burst. If this happens: Turn off the water supply coming into your property at the stop tap and switch off your boiler. Open all your taps to drain the system as quickly as possible, saving some water in a bucket for flushing toilets and hand washing. When the water stops …Jan 4, 2022 ... Keep thermostat temperatures highEven if you're not at home, make sure that your thermostat temperature is set to at least 68 degrees Fahrenheit ...It is likely that the pipe holding the water became frozen and burst open. The water will then thaw and begin to leak into the home wherever the break is. You ... Step 2.5 - Open cabinet doors, ceiling tiles, anything that allows more/warmer air around the pipes. You can try heating the pipes with hair dryer, etc... but usually it is going to be frozen in a spot that is inaccessible. Step 3 - Find out if your hot water is still flowing at all. If so, leave that running slowly to try to heat the adjacent ... Oct 16, 2023 ... If only one pipe is frozen, turn on the appropriate faucet to help get the water moving in the pipe once it thaws. Locate your nearest water ...Are you worried that your home has copper pipes? Just curious about what this common material is used for? This guide will help you understand common ways copper pipes are used in ...Thaw the pipe. Once you’ve found the culprit, you’ll need to thaw it out to get things flowing again. Slowly pour hot (but never boiling) water over the frozen pipe and place a hot water bottle over it to help melt away the ice. If you’re not sure, watch our step-by-step video. How to thaw frozen pipes.Dec 12, 2023 · “Pipes exposed to cold draughts or breezes can sometimes start to freeze at higher temperatures.”. The estate agents add: “You may have heard the phrase ‘wind chill’ when watching the ...Help. Supply. Frozen or burst pipes. Athraigh go Gaeilge. When the outside temperature drops below zero, unprotected pipes and dripping taps can freeze and crack. This can affect your water supply. When the temperature rises again, these cracked pipes can then leak, causing damage which can be costly to repair.Apr 21, 2023 · How Do I Keep Water From Freezing In PEX Pipes? Electrical Heat Tape: Electrical heat tape can be used to keep segments of pipe above freezing. The heat tape is typically controlled via a thermostat, and will only kick in below preset temperatures. It is important to match the correct type of heat tape for your specific pipe type.Jan 5, 2018 ... Whether the temperature dropped below freezing while you were away from home, or your efforts to keep the bitter cold at bay couldn?t save ...There are no liquids that do not freeze. However, under certain conditions, it is possible to cool a liquid below its normal freezing point. Such a substance is called a supercoole...Jan 14, 2024 · Keep the faucet open.Running water through the pipe will help melt ice. Apply heat to the frozen section of the pipe by wrapping with towels soaked in hot water or using an electric heating pad ... Jul 26, 2023 · In the UK, pipes can freeze whenever the temperature stays at or below 0°C for an extended period. This can lead to significant damage and inconvenience. However, by insulating your pipes and taking other preventive measures, you can greatly reduce the risk of this happening. Remember, it's always better to be proactive than reactive when it ... What should I do if my pipes freeze? If your pipes freeze, the first thing you should do is call a professional who can help. There are also strategies that you can employ …Most outdoor pipes freeze at around -20 degrees Celsius in Canada, and indoor piping can freeze at much higher temperatures. For example, hot water pipes can freeze at about 0 degrees Celsius if the heat is not on. Even pipes exposed to heat can freeze when water does not flow through them properly. Your pipes are …1. Let The Faucets Drip. ‍. The most common advice to keep pipes from freezing is to let the faucets drip during cold weather. This is not only because it takes longer for running water to freeze, but also because it relieves pressure in the …Oct 6, 2021 · This can result in a clogged sink in winter. Oil and grease that you use to cook may also create clogs in the drainpipes. Due to this propensity to clog drains, oil and grease should not be washed down your sink drains. Oil and grease cause increased risk of cold weather clogs. In cold weather, the grease or oil stiffens more in the pipes ...Y es, you need to protect all of your outdoor plumbing from freezing temps in the winter. First, drain your hose bibs/faucets. Then cover your hose bibs/faucets with insulated covers. Even a towel or a blanket would do if in a pinch. Option 2 is more expensive: Install Frost free sill cocks (hose bibs).Tips to prevent frozen pipes. Insulating your pipes is one of the best ways to prevent the pipes from freezing in the first place. Ben Nuno, plumbing specialist at Lee’s Air Conditioning...Nov 20, 2017 · This is especially true if they are located in a basement or garage. 5. Let Your Faucet Drip. The most popular way to prevent pipes from freezing, is to allow the faucets in your home to slowly drip water. Sure, it’s a gross waste of water, but it works. This is much better than dealing with a burst pipe.Close Garage: Keep the garage door shut to retain warmth around any pipes running through this area. Cover Spigots: Protect exterior faucets by insulating them with foam spigot covers. You can also install frost-proof …If you’ve identified ice on your AC pipes, it’s crucial to address it promptly to prevent further complications. Turning off the AC and switching the fan on can help in thawing. This process might take several hours. In some cases, especially if there’s a significant amount of ice, it might take up to 24 hours.If the frozen pipe is exposed and visible, use a hair dryer or space heater to thaw the ice blockage. Do not use an open flame and keep space heaters far enough away from walls and flammable materials to avoid fire risk! Examine exposed pipes for leaks. Even with the water main turned off, there will be enough pressure to …Help. Supply. Frozen or burst pipes. Athraigh go Gaeilge. When the outside temperature drops below zero, unprotected pipes and dripping taps can freeze and crack. This can affect your water supply. When the temperature rises again, these cracked pipes can then leak, causing damage which can be costly to repair.Description. Smokes so smooth you’ll swear it has water filtration, this Hand Pipe chills smoke by over 300 degrees for righteously smooth puffs. Durable glass surrounds an organic gel called glycerin, which keeps the pipe ice-cold for hours. As smoke passes through this sub-zero glycerin chamber it arrives cough-free and icy smooth.Nov 20, 2017 · This is especially true if they are located in a basement or garage. 5. Let Your Faucet Drip. The most popular way to prevent pipes from freezing, is to allow the faucets in your home to slowly drip water. Sure, it’s a gross waste of water, but it works. This is much better than dealing with a burst pipe. Turn up the thermostat in your home. This way, some of the extra heat will radiate into the colder parts of your home like the attic and will also heat the walls, keeping the pipes there from freezing. 8. Insulate your home. As well as insulating your pipes, properly insulating your home will help keep your pipes safe. A frozen pipe is a common issue with the air conditioning system. The occurrence might be due to a restricted airflow happening over the evaporator coils or issues with the refrigerant. A frozen air conditioner can leave you and your household in an uncomfortable situation on a hot day and may require AC repair …Jan 24, 2024 ... If your pipes have been frozen for more than two days, shut down your home's water supply. · Unfreeze the pipe using a hair dryer, heat tape, ...Jan 5, 2018 ... Whether the temperature dropped below freezing while you were away from home, or your efforts to keep the bitter cold at bay couldn?t save ...If you ever buy chicken and freeze some to use later, here’s a simple trick that’s better than brining for turning out juicier meat: Salt the chicken before you freeze it. If you e...1 day ago · When the temperature drops down too much and it is very cold outside, let the cold water drip from the faucet served by exposed pipes. Running water through the pipe helps you keep them from freezing. Keep the thermostat set to the same temperature both during the day and at night. If you are planning to go away during cold weather, leave the ...Oct 13, 2022 · Water freezes at 32 degrees Fahrenheit. The pipes won’t necessarily reach those temperatures just because the outside temperature is 32 degrees. In general, for pipes to freeze, the outside temperature must drop to 20 degrees or less. Modern homes typically have good insulation, and water pipes are placed inside the home for added security in ...Oct 10, 2020 · If your pipes have frozen in a mobile home, the best way to make sure they thaw out is to do so gently. Pour salt down your drains, turn on your faucets, look for leaks in your skirting, and turn up the heat throughout your home. If your main water line is frozen, plug in the heat tape or replace it. There are so many different ways that pipes ... Follow the steps below to drain down your caravan: Lift the lid off the toilet cistern and flush the toilet. As it begins to refill, pour the antifreeze in. You’ll need about three-quarters of water and one-quarter of antifreeze. Remember to remove the shower hose and shower head to prevent these from being damaged …Aug 15, 2022 · At what temperature will my sprinkler system freeze? Because draining or blowing out your sprinkler is so critical, do it before the first hard soil penetrating freeze. Because each plant reacts differently to cold, the term “hard freeze” is vague. A freeze is defined as anything 32 degrees Fahrenheit or lower in a weather report.How to prevent pipes from freezing when the power goes out. Story by Mark Philben. • 1mo • 3 min read. Send your home improvement questions to [email protected] 20, 2024 · Use a hair dryer to direct warm air up and down frozen pipe lengths. Wrap the frozen pipe with an electric heat cable or towels soaked in hot water. Alternately, wrap the pipes in a thermostatically controlled heat tape, which will melt the ice block slowly. Keep a close eye on the process.Plumbers often tell you how to prevent pipes from freezing but they don’t always tell you what to do if your pipes have already frozen. Here are some steps you can take to remedy frozen …Yes, you can use the toilet when the water supply line is frozen, but you'll only be able to flush the toilet once using the water already stored inside the tank. The frozen pipe prevents fresh water from flowing into the tank to refill it, and the bowl's water level will also be low, because some of the tank water is diverted …High-density polyethylene pipes (commonly referred to as HDPE pipes) are made from a flexible plastic material. These pipes has various uses, and costs can range depending on how m...Jun 22, 2022 · When above ground, you can expect the water inside of exposed PEX pipes to freeze at a sustained 32°F if no water is flowing. When underground, it takes longer for the material to freeze. The deeper the pipes, the longer the pipes take to freeze, but deep pipes are also more difficult to access. The “temperature alert threshold”, the ...Dec 9, 2023 · Thaw the Pump Or Pipe. Now you know the location of the freeze, you can thaw it out. First, switch on the nearest faucet to relieve pressure. Then use a heat gun or a hair dryer to warm the pipe or pump until the ice melts and water flows out of the faucet. You could also wrap electric heat tape around the pipe, or turn a space heater, heat ...Jan 14, 2023 · And you can see our experience with Air Skirts below: 4. Insulate Your RV Storage Bays. Your RV storage bays are also vulnerable to freezing temperatures. To protect the pipes in these areas, be sure to insulate them as well. This can be done with foam insulation, foam boards, fiberglass insulation, etc. 5.Dec 21, 2021 · Slowly apply heat using a hair dryer. There are several ways to do this. You can wrap the pipes in thermostatically controlled heat tape, or you can use an external heat source such as a hair dryer or space heater. Do not use a propane torch as this can damage the pipe and present a fire risk. These simple steps can help with quick thawing to prevent frozen water pipes from bursting. Turn off the water to the house at the main valve. Open all the faucets in your home to drain water and relieve pressure in the pipes. Turn up the heat in the house to warm the whole plumbing system. Use a space heater, hair dryer, or heating pad to warm ...Dec 15, 2022 ... What can I do if my pipes freeze? If you notice that one of your pipes maybe frozen, turn off your inside stop tap immediately. It is usually ...Jan 15, 2024 ... With a warmup on the way after several days of subzero temps, many Coloradans may soon hear the dreaded "drip, drip" as pipes that froze ...How to prevent pipes from freezing when the power goes out. Story by Mark Philben. • 1mo • 3 min read. Send your home improvement questions to [email protected]. The pipes underneath your house can freeze if the house is built on a slab foundation. Unlike basement-type or crawlspace-type foundations, a slab foundation makes accessing utilities difficult because the utilities will be encased in concrete. Even if the pipe is fully encased in concrete, it can still freeze due to the permafrost and low ... Dec 21, 2021 · Continue to apply heat. Don’t stop heating until full water pressure is restored. Even then, it’s a good idea to leave the faucet open for a few minutes after the pipe is thawed. This will give the ice time to completely clear from the line. Step 4. Check all faucets and prevent pipes from freezing in the future. Dec 23, 2022 · Pearland Water is functioning, so if you do not have water, it is most likely due to frozen pipes. If possible, shut the water off in case the pipes have cracked. If you cannot shut the water off ... Jan 14, 2024 · Keep the faucet open.Running water through the pipe will help melt ice. Apply heat to the frozen section of the pipe by wrapping with towels soaked in hot water or using an electric heating pad ... Set up fans to blow heat into cold rooms, or use space heaters. Open vanity or cabinet doors so warm air can reach the pipes under sinks. If you have exposed pipes inside closets or pantries, leave doors open. Keep the garage door closed. Reduced water flow is usually the first sign ice is forming in your pipes.Running water through the pipe - even at a trickle - helps prevent pipes from freezing.4 days ago · Turning up the heat can help and holding a hairdryer on the wall in front of the pipes can also work. Cutting a hole in the wall to apply direct heat to the area may be necessary in extreme cases. Wrap the pipes with insulation before patching the wall. Advertisement. Well problems in cold weather rarely have to do with the well itself.Pipes can freeze at 32 degrees or below, but it will take a sustained period of time for this to happen. In other words, a pipe needs to be at freezing temperatures for at least half a day before homeowners have to worry about any freezing occurring. And, generally speaking, the temperature needs to be well …1. Insulate water pipes. One of the best things you can do to stop frozen pipes is to insulate them. Use pipe lagging and prioritise spots that are particularly exposed to the cold, such as external pipes and those that are located in the loft or cellar. Insulating pipes is one of those energy saving tips that will not …The time it takes for salt water to freeze depends on the amount of salt in the water, the temperature of the water, and the volume of water. The more salt the water has, the lower...The good news is there are some simple things you can do to keep your water running and your house dry. “Pipe insulation can cost as little as 50 cents per linear foot at your local hardware...Jan 11, 2024 ... Why do water pipes freeze? ... When temperatures dip below 20 degrees, bursting pipes become a concern. Unprotected pipes are particularly ...It isn’t the freezing that causes the most havoc, however. It is the burst pipes that are often the consequence of those freezing pipes. When this happens it can cost a lot to fix, with $400 on the low end and as much as $2000 on the high. The best thing to do is make sure it never reaches that point to begin with.Oct 29, 2018 · The three main causes of frozen pipes are quick drops in temperature, poor insulation and thermostats that are set too low. It’s also worth reminding them that, during the last big freeze in 2010, there were 103,000 insurance claims for burst pipes at an average cost of £6,602. Remember: Leaving heating at a low temperature isn’t fool ...Here's everything you need to know about putting a freeze on your credit, including how to do it, when to do it and how it impacts signing up for new cards. Editor’s note: This is ...If you’ve identified ice on your AC pipes, it’s crucial to address it promptly to prevent further complications. Turning off the AC and switching the fan on can help in thawing. This process might take several hours. In some cases, especially if there’s a significant amount of ice, it might take up to 24 hours.4 days ago · Use a space heater, heat lamp, or hair dryer to thaw the frozen length of pipe. Wrapping freezing pipes with thermostatically controlled heat tape (from $22 to $56, depending on length) can also quickly thaw a trouble spot. Don’t thaw pipes using a propane torch, which presents a fire risk. Dec 3, 2021 · 2. Insulate your pipes. 3. Seal any air leaks. 4. Open doors and cabinets. 5. Let faucets drip. Winter brings frigid temperatures for much of the country, and when temperatures plummet, the water that supplies your home's faucets and fixtures is in danger of freezing inside your pipes. May 5, 2023 · The first technique is as easy as heating and insulating your current water pipe. Here are the methods to achieve it correctly: #1. Use A Heat Cable. Get enough heat cable to completely cover your hose after measuring its length. In frigid climates, these wires naturally warm up and provide insulation.Nov 14, 2023 · Move the heat source back and forth along the pipe, not just on one spot. Open the Faucet: Turn on the toilet’s flush slightly to allow water to flow. This helps melt the ice and relieves pressure in the pipe. Insulate the Pipes: Once thawed, wrap the pipes in foam insulation to prevent future freezing.If you ever buy chicken and freeze some to use later, here’s a simple trick that’s better than brining for turning out juicier meat: Salt the chicken before you freeze it. If you e...Guide to Finding & Correcting Freeze-Up Risk Points in buildings. You can do a lot to correct a freezing pipe problem in a building that is exposed to cold weather. Even in an occupied building pipes can freeze in some conditions. Here are some examples of places to look for freezing trouble and what to do about them:Tips to prevent frozen pipes. Insulating your pipes is one of the best ways to prevent the pipes from freezing in the first place. Ben Nuno, plumbing specialist at Lee’s Air Conditioning... Step 2.5 - Open cabinet doors, ceiling tiles, anything that allows more/warmer air around the pipes. You can try heating the pipes with hair dryer, etc... but usually it is going to be frozen in a spot that is inaccessible. Step 3 - Find out if your hot water is still flowing at all. If so, leave that running slowly to try to heat the adjacent ... Jan 15, 2024 · Turn off the temperature control panel. Disconnect the electrical power to the water heater. Open the hot water tap at a sink inside the house before opening valves to release pressure in the pipes. Place a bucket under the water heater to catch the water. …

Thaw the pipe. Once you’ve found the culprit, you’ll need to thaw it out to get things flowing again. Slowly pour hot (but never boiling) water over the frozen pipe and place a hot water bottle over it to help melt away the ice. If you’re not sure, watch our step-by-step video. How to thaw frozen pipes.. Bruce springsteen on the streets of philadelphia

Running water through the pipe - even at a trickle - helps prevent pipes from freezing.Pipes can freeze at 32 degrees or below, but it will take a sustained period of time for this to happen. In other words, a pipe needs to be at freezing temperatures for at least half a day before homeowners have to worry about any freezing occurring. And, generally speaking, the temperature needs to be well …Feb 13, 2024 · Step 2: Shut off water to the house. Once you have found the frozen pipe, go to the main water supply valve and turn it clockwise to its “off” position. Next, turn on the water at all the sink ... Sep 22, 2023 · The best part is you can do it yourself. Using the best pipe insulation materials can prevent your pipes from freezing and give you some peace of mind once temperatures plummet below freezing. However, no plan is foolproof. If your pipes freeze, you can also learn how to thaw frozen pipes yourself before hiring a pro. But if your …Frozen pipes are more common when homeowners encounter prolonged periods of subzero weather, and pipes and water lines exposed to more cold air are likely to ...Aug 15, 2020 · 4. Seal up Cracks and Holes. Seal gaps and leaks around holes where pipes run through walls or floors, to prevent cold air from coming in. Look for air leaks around electrical wiring, dryer vents, and pipes. Use caulk or insulation to keep the cold air out. Even a small opening can let in enough cold air to cause a pipe to freeze.Turn up the thermostat in your home. This way, some of the extra heat will radiate into the colder parts of your home like the attic and will also heat the walls, keeping the pipes there from freezing. 8. …This is especially important if your sinks are on an exterior wall. Let cold water drip. Running water through the pipes at a small trickle can help prevent your pipes from bursting. Set the ...Jan 4, 2023 · This will stop the flow of water in the home and prevent additional flooding. Step 2: Temporarily or permanently repair the burst pipe with plumber’s tape, putty, or pipe clamps. You may be able to perform the repair on your own, depending on the location of the pipe and how severe the damage is. Step 3: Turn the water back on and be sure the ...Oct 6, 2021 · This can result in a clogged sink in winter. Oil and grease that you use to cook may also create clogs in the drainpipes. Due to this propensity to clog drains, oil and grease should not be washed down your sink drains. Oil and grease cause increased risk of cold weather clogs. In cold weather, the grease or oil stiffens more in the pipes ...Jan 14, 2024 · Keep the faucet open.Running water through the pipe will help melt ice. Apply heat to the frozen section of the pipe by wrapping with towels soaked in hot water or using an electric heating pad ... 1. Insulate water pipes. One of the best things you can do to stop frozen pipes is to insulate them. Use pipe lagging and prioritise spots that are particularly exposed to the …• Leave the faucet on and watch for water flow. Running water, even cold water, will help melt ice in the pipe. • Use a hair dryer to warm the pipe. "It is easy to use and safe," …Our various PEX fittings can make your repairs quicker and easier to help you prevent your pipes from freezing in the future. We offer various PEX fittings such as PEX compression, press, crimp, sliding (Spanish and Russian-style), and push fittings. Living in cold areas can be fun and exciting, especially during the holiday season.Dec 3, 2021 · 2. Insulate your pipes. 3. Seal any air leaks. 4. Open doors and cabinets. 5. Let faucets drip. Winter brings frigid temperatures for much of the country, and when temperatures plummet, the water that supplies your home's faucets and fixtures is in danger of freezing inside your pipes. Mar 13, 2019 · Followiung all of the above steps are key to know how to keep pipes from freezing. Plastic ensures the insulation is protected from the elements. 3. Steel plate shallow water lines. When water lines are less than 36” deep in NYC, 1/4″ steel plating must be placed over the water line in the roadway.You can do this by opening a faucet and relieving the pressure in your pipes. Open both your hot and cold handles on your faucet, as water begins to thaw the ...Tips to prevent frozen pipes. Insulating your pipes is one of the best ways to prevent the pipes from freezing in the first place. Ben Nuno, plumbing specialist at Lee’s Air Conditioning...Mar 13, 2019 · Followiung all of the above steps are key to know how to keep pipes from freezing. Plastic ensures the insulation is protected from the elements. 3. Steel plate shallow water lines. When water lines are less than 36” deep in NYC, 1/4″ steel plating must be placed over the water line in the roadway..

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